Linux服务管理及Ubuntu系统镜像设置

服务管理

服务，即service，其本质上也是进程，但是运行在后台，通常都会监听某个端口，等待其他程序的请求，比如(mysqld, sshd, 防火墙等)，因此又将其称为守护进程。

service管理指令

service指令所管理的服务可以直接在/etc/init.d/目录下查看。

service 服务名 [start | stop | restart | reload | status]

systemctl管理指令

systemctl 指令管理的服务可在/usr/lib/systemd/system/目录下查看。

systemctl [start | stop | restart | status] 服务名

=================================================
# 设置服务的自启动状态
systemctl enable 服务名  # 设置服务开机自启
systemctl disable 服务名  # 关闭服务开机自启
systemctl is-enabled 服务名  # 检查某服务是否自启动
=================================================

firewall指令

每次操作完防火墙后都需要重新载入防火墙配置，命令firewall-cmd --reload

# 打开端口
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=端口号/协议

# 关闭端口
firewall-cmd --permanent --remove-port=端口号/协议

# 重新载入，让配置生效
firewall-cmd --reload

# 查询端口是否开放
firewall-cmd --query-port=端口/协议

测试某个端口是否开放，使用telnet命令即可。

telnet 192.168.1.100 111  # 测试111端口是否开放

Ubuntu系统镜像设置

修改镜像源文件前记得备份一份原来文件，修改完成后执行sudo apt update命令刷新本地apt缓存。

/etc/apt/sources.list

阿里云镜像源配置教程

配置方法

域名说明

对于阿里云ECS用户，需要将配置文件中 https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ 替换成 http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/ 进行使用

sed -i 's/https:\\/\\/mirrors.aliyun.com/http:\\/\\/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

图形界面配置

新手推荐使用图形界面配置： 系统设置 -> 软件和更新 选择下载服务器 -> "mirrors.aliyun.com"

手动更改

用你熟悉的编辑器打开：

/etc/apt/sources.list

替换默认的

http://archive.ubuntu.com/

为

mirrors.aliyun.com

以Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS为例，最后的效果如下：

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Not recommended
# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

ubuntu 16.04 配置如下

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe

ubuntu 18.04(bionic) 配置如下

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

ubuntu 20.04(focal) 配置如下

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse